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About lasers to know

Lasers have emerged as an extraordinarily powerful tool in today's manufacturing landscape, revolutionizing various processes. From cutting through steel with precision to intricate structuring and efficient welding, lasers are integral to enhancing productivity and accuracy in manufacturing. Additionally, they play a crucial role in cleaning surfaces in preparation for further processing. Initially, the CO2 gas laser set the stage for advancements, followed by the YAG laser, which offered new capabilities. Today, fiber lasers represent the latest standard in laser technology, providing even greater efficiency and versatility. As industries continue to adopt these advanced laser systems, the potential for innovation in manufacturing processes appears limitless, driving productivity and precision to new heights.

laser types

Lasers can be categorised in different ways :

Wavelength :

Laser emit one type of wavelength only at the time, this can be in the visibel, near infrared and far infrared. The wavelength is characteristic for the used gain-lasing material.Can be gas or a solid material.

When the laser light is produced in a gas we mostly talk about CO2 lasers with a 10000 nanometer wavelength situated in the far infrared region. An mass produced aluminium garnet doped with Neodymium gives birth to a wavelength in the near infrared region at 1064 nanometer. With this type of base material two important industrial used lasers source types are produced : the YAG or also named solid state laser and fiber laser producing and near infrared laser beam. The industrial advantage of the infra red laser is the possibility to transport the light over a connected fiber which is not possible yet with the high energetic CO2 laser which has to be guided to the surface with mirrors.

Emission type :

Two main categories the most general would be the CW laser and the more complex pulsed laser.

The CW laser is a continuous stream of energy towards the surface and can be used for non heat critical operations. Pulsed lasers are designed to emit in a pulsed way accumulating energy in a very short time delay.They nearly act as a electrical bursting condensator. The factor time delay or pulse duration is the key factor for the resulting surface effect.

A 5Kw CW laser could weld to plates together when we move the laser beam with a cetain forward speed beinng critical for the heat affected zone. A pulsed laser of 50 watt could deliver a 1mj pulse of 100 nanosecond with an energy amount of 5Kw being the same as the CW laser but with mainly no heath effect zone.

So the main advantage of the pulsed laser is the heat input control on the surface. Seen the fact the electrons of a material are reacting in some nanosecond range of external energy sources applied on the material, we can control in an efficient way the heating and cooling down when treating material with a pulsed laser.

Today technology is advancing further towards femto and pico second lasers where base material has no time to react on the this external extreme short energy input. Instead of melting we are spaltating materials like rock crushing.

Laser construction type :

In today manufactoring world we are mainly talking about YAG and fiber lasers. With the YAG laser a glass rod is used with mirrors at the ends and a cooling and diode pumping stack allong the YAG rod. Seen the complexity of this laser cavity a lot of problems occur, like maintenance,critical cooling, critical temperature sensitivity, high optical loses and less beam quality then a fiber laser.But they have there merits like high puls energy and a flat homogene energy distribution. Very interesting for solar panel path ablation. A YAG laser would typical work at 27% electricity efficiency which is low compared to the 40% fiber laser efficiency. So where is this difference comming from ? By pure optical construction we get a complete other setup. The base YAG material rod is now a fiber where the laser light is conceived in a network of fiber strings with a diode pumping element at the end. All those fibers are brought together in one main fiber and amplified and send towards the end fiber.

Seen the fact the light is not leaving the fiber and there are no optical losses thrue the coated fiber we get a very efficient lasers gaining system needing less electrical power whith minimum optical losses. Besides these big advantages we get a higher beam quality and have more stable working.

Use of lasers

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